Wind energy an introduction
Wind energy is a substantial source of electricity. Wind power plants are installed at high capacities all over the world. With modern designs and control, wind power plants are now comparable to conventional generations in terms of capacity and control. Thus, this technology must move from the rese...
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| Language: | English |
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Boca Raton, FL
CRC Press
2016
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Table of Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.1.Wind Turbines
- 1.2.Offshore Wind Turbines
- Exercise
- 2.1.Wind Speed
- 2.1.1.Impact of Friction and Height on Wind Speed
- 2.1.2.Air Density
- 2.2.WT Blades
- 2.2.1.Angle of Attack
- 2.2.2.Relative Wind Speed
- 2.2.3.Pitch Angle
- 2.3.Coefficient of Performance
- 2.3.1.Tip-Speed Ratio
- 2.3.2.Blade Power
- 2.4.Separation of WTs
- Exercise
- 3.1.Average Variance and Standard Deviation
- 3.2.Cumulative Distribution Function
- 3.3.Probability Density Function
- 3.3.1.Weibull Distribution Function
- 3.3.2.Rayleigh Distribution Function
- 3.4.Dependency and Repeatability
- 3.4.1.Cross-Correlation
- 3.4.2.Repeatability
- Exercise
- 4.1.Classification of Wind Turbines
- 4.1.1.Alignment of Rotating Axis
- 4.1.2.Types of Generators
- 4.1.3.Speed of Rotation
- 4.1.3.1.Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine
- 4.1.3.2.Variable-Speed Wind Turbine
- 4.1.3.3.Assessment of FSWT and VSWT
- 4.1.4.Power Conversion
- 4.1.5.Control Actions
- 4.1.5.1.Soft Starting
- 4.1.5.2.Generation Control
- 4.1.5.3.Reactive Power Control
- 4.1.5.4.Stability Control
- 4.1.5.5.Ramping Control
- 4.2.Types of Wind Turbines
- 4.2.1.Type 1 Wind Turbine
- 4.2.2.Type 2 Wind Turbine
- 4.2.3.Type 3 Wind Turbine
- 4.2.4.Type 4 Wind Turbine
- 4.2.5.Type 5 Wind Turbine
- Exercise
- 5.1.AC/DC Converters with Resistive Load
- 5.1.1.Rectifier Circuits
- 5.1.2.Voltage-Controlled Circuits
- 5.1.3.Three-Phase Circuits
- 5.2.AC/DC Converters with Inductive Load
- 5.2.1.Current Calculations
- 5.2.2.Voltage Calculations
- 5.2.3.Freewheeling Diodes
- 5.3.DC/DC Converters
- 5.3.1.Buck Converter
- 5.3.2.Boost Converter
- 5.3.3.Buck[—]Boost Converter
- 5.4.DC/AC Converters
- 5.4.1.Three-Phase DC/AC Converter
- 5.4.2.Pulse Width Modulation
- 5.5.AC/AC Converters
- Exercise
- 6.1.Description of Induction Machine
- 6.2.Representation of Induction Machine
- 6.2.1.Flux Linkage
- 6.2.2.Balanced System
- 6.2.3.Rotating Reference Frame
- 6.3.Park's Equations
- 6.3.1.Steady-State Model
- 6.3.1.1.Root Mean Square Values
- 6.3.1.2.Real and Reactive Powers
- 6.3.1.3.General Equivalent Circuit
- 6.3.1.4.Torque
- 6.3.2.Dynamic Model of Induction Generator
- 6.3.2.1.Dynamics of Electrical Mode
- 6.3.2.2.Rotor Dynamics
- Exercise
- 7.1.Description of Synchronous Generator
- 7.2.Salient Pole Synchronous Generator
- 7.2.1.Rotating Reference Frame
- 7.2.2.Parks Equations
- 7.2.3.Steady-State Model
- 7.2.3.1.Root Mean Square Values
- 7.2.3.2.Real and Reactive Powers
- 7.3.Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generator
- 7.4.Dynamic Model of Synchronous Generator
- 7.4.1.Dynamics of Rotating Mass
- 7.4.2.Dynamics of Electrical Modes
- 7.4.2.1.Field Dynamics
- 7.4.2.2.Terminal Voltage Dynamics
- 7.4.2.3.Electric Torque Dynamics
- 7.4.3.Block Diagram of Synchronous Generator
- Exercise
- 8.1.Equivalent Circuit for the Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator
- 8.1.1.Power Flow
- 8.1.2.Electric Torque
- 8.1.3.Maximum Power
- 8.1.4.Maximum Torque
- 8.2.Assessment of Type 1 System
- 8.3.Control and Protection of Type 1 System
- 8.3.1.Reactive Power of Type 1 System
- 8.3.2.Inrush Current
- 8.3.3.Turbine Stability
- Exercise
- 9.1.Equivalent Circuit of Type 2 Generator
- 9.2.Real Power
- 9.3.Electric Torque
- 9.4.Assessment of Type 2 System
- 9.5.Control and Protection of Type 2 System
- 9.5.1.Inrush Current
- 9.5.2.Turbine Stability
- Exercise
- 10.1.Equivalent Circuit
- 10.2.Simplified Model
- 10.3.Power Flow
- 10.3.1.Apparent Power Flow through RSC
- 10.3.2.Apparent Power Flow through GSC
- 10.4.Speed Control
- 10.5.Protection of Type 3 Systems
- 10.5.1.Electrical Protection
- 10.5.1.1.Crowbar System
- 10.5.1.2.Chopper System
- 10.5.2.Electromechanical Protection
- 10.5.2.1.Stator Dynamic Resistance
- 10.5.2.2.Rotor Dynamic Resistance
- Exercise
- 11.1.Full Converter
- 11.2.Power Flow
- 11.3.Real Power Control
- 11.4.Reactive Power Control
- 11.5.Protection
- 11.5.1.Chopper System
- 11.5.2.Dynamic Resistance
- Exercise
- 12.1.System Stability
- 12.1.1.Stability of Synchronous Generator
- 12.1.2.Stability of the Induction Generator
- 12.1.3.Systemwide Stability
- 12.2.Fault Ride-Through, Low-Voltage Ride-Through
- 12.2.1.Impact of Fault on WTs
- 12.2.1.1.Current
- 12.2.1.2.Reactive Power
- 12.2.1.3.Mechanical Stress
- 12.2.2.LVRT Requirements
- 12.2.3.LVRT Compliance Techniques
- 12.2.3.1.Ramping Control
- 12.2.3.2.Dynamic Braking
- 12.2.3.3.Dynamic Voltage Restorer
- 12.3.Variability of the Wind Power Production
- 12.3.1.Uncertainty of Wind Speed
- 12.3.2.Variability of Wind Power Output
- 12.3.3.Balancing Wind Energy
- 12.3.3.1.Energy Storage
- 12.3.3.2.Load Management
- 12.4.Reactive Power
- 12.4.1.Turbine Reactive Power Control
- 12.4.2.Static VAR Compensator
- 12.4.2.1.Thyristor-Controlled Reactor
- 12.4.2.2.Thyristor-Switched Capacitor
- 12.4.2.3.TSR-TSC
- 12.4.2.4.Static Compensator
- 12.4.