Integrated forest biorefineries challenges and opportunities
This reference book describes how bioprocessing and biotechnology could enhance the value extracted from wood-based lignocellulosic fiber by employing both biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes. It documents recent accomplishments and suggests future prospects for research and developm...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
2013
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| Series: | RSC green chemistry
18 |
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Table of Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Current State and Development Potential / Lew P. Christopher
- 1.1.Introduction
- 1.2.Integrated Forest Biorefineries
- 1.2.1.Hemicellulose Platform
- 1.2.1.1.Hemicellulose Composition and Structure
- 1.2.1.2.Fate of Hemicellulose during Pulping
- 1.2.1.3.Hemicellulose Extraction
- 1.2.1.4.Bioproducts from Hemicellulose
- 1.2.1.5.Hemicellulose-Based Biorefinery
- 1.2.2.Lignin Platform
- 1.2.2.1.Lignin Composition and Structure
- 1.2.2.2.Fate of Lignin during Pulping
- 1.2.2.3.Bioproducts from Lignin
- 1.2.3.Extractives Platform
- 1.2.3.1.Composition, Classification and Properties of Extractives
- 1.2.3.2.Fate of Extractives during Pulping and Bleaching
- 1.3.Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgements
- References
- ch. 2 Economic and Policy Aspects of Integrated Forest Biorefineries / Jianbang Gan
- 2.1.Introduction
- 2.2.Traditional Forest Products Sector
- Contents note continued: 2.2.1.Conditions and Outlook of Forest Products Markets
- 2.2.2.Supply Chains of Traditional Forest Products
- 2.3.Integrated Forest Biorefineries (IFBRs)
- 2.3.1.Supply Chains of IFBRs
- 2.3.2.Key Economic Aspects of IFBRs
- 2.3.2.1.End-Product Portfolio
- 2.3.2.2.Feedstock Choices
- 2.3.2.3.Logistics and Conversion Technologies
- 2.3.2.4.Siting and Size of IFBRs
- 2.4.A. Decision Support Model for IFBRs
- 2.5.Policy Aspects of IFBRs
- 2.5.1.Major Barriers to IFBR Development and Deployment
- 2.5.2.Policy for Enhancing IFBR Development and Deployment
- 2.6.Summary and Discussion
- Acknowledgement
- References
- ch. 3 Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Sustainability Considerations for Forest Biomass Feedstocks / Virginia H. Dale
- 3.1.Introduction
- 3.2.Background
- 3.3.U.S. Sustainability Frameworks and Policy
- 3.4.International Sustainability Frameworks and Policy
- 3.5.Sustainability Topics to Watch
- Acknowledgements
- Contents note continued: References
- ch. 4 Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Product-Based Economic Factors / Michael A. Behrens
- 4.1.Introduction
- 4.2.Biorefinery Operational Parameters
- 4.3.Hydrolysis Yield Impact on Economic Models
- 4.4.Benefits of Product-Driven Operational Parameters
- 4.5.Value of Residues
- 4.6.Thermochemical Options
- 4.7.Integrated Processing
- 4.8.Conclusion
- References
- ch. 5 Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Industrial Sustainability / Emmanuel Kofi Ackom
- 5.1.Introduction
- 5.2.Industrial Sustainability: An Overview
- 5.3.Integrated Forest Biorefinery: An Overview
- 5.3.1.Retrofitting Pulp and Paper Mills into Integrated Forest Biorefineries
- 5.3.2.Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Industrial Sustainability Applications: A Case Study on Tembec Temiscaming
- 5.4.Opportunities in Industrial Sustainability for Integrated Forest Biorefinery: A Case Study
- 5.4.1.Environmental Policy
- 5.4.2.Raw Material Sourcing
- Contents note continued: 5.4.3.Manufacturing
- 5.4.4.Environmentally Benign Management of Waste Effluent and Reutilization
- 5.4.5.End-of-Life Management of Products
- 5.4.6.Socioeconomic Aspects
- 5.5.Challenges: Industrial Sustainability of Integrated Forest Biorefinery
- 5.5.1.Environmental Sustainability Issues Related to Feedstock
- 5.5.1.1.Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (Direct and Indirect)
- 5.5.1.2.Energy
- 5.5.1.3.Land for Food, Fuel and Fiber
- 5.5.1.4.Water
- 5.5.1.5.Biodiversity
- 5.5.1.6.Socioeconomic Aspects
- 5.5.2.Research and Development
- 5.5.3.Logistics
- 5.5.4.Investment
- 5.5.5.Competition with Other Industries for Feedstock
- 5.5.6.Processing
- 5.5.7.End-of-Life Legislations for New Products
- 5.6.Policy Intervention: Improving Competitiveness of Integrated Forest Biorefinery Through Industrial Sustainability
- 5.7.Conclusions
- References
- ch. 6 Prehydrolysis Pulping with Fermentation Coproducts / T. W. Jeffries
- Contents note continued: 6.1.Introduction and Background
- 6.2.Prehydrolysis Thermomechanical Pulping
- 6.2.1.Experimental Prehydrolysis-TMP
- 6.2.2.Experimental Fermentation of Hydrolysate Sugars
- 6.2.3.Modeling Prehydrolysis-TMP and Fermentation Process Concept
- 6.3.Summary and Path Forward
- References
- ch. 7 Niche Position and Opportunities for Woody Biomass Conversion / Joel R. Howard
- 7.1.The "Business" of Transforming Plant Biomass for Human Use
- 7.2.The Science Behind the Technology: Woody Biomass Conversions
- 7.3.Pretreatment Processes
- 7.3.1.Acid Pretreatment
- 7.3.2.Alkaline Pretreatment
- 7.3.3.Steam Explosion Pretreatment
- 7.3.4.Ammonia Fiber Explosion Pretreatment (AFEX)
- 7.3.5.Hydrothermal Pretreatment
- 7.4.Bringing the Science to Commerce: ABS Process[™] Biorefinery Technology
- 7.5.Output Products from the ABS Process[™]
- 7.5.1.Products from Extracted Wood and Nonfood Agricultural Materials
- Contents note continued: 7.5.2.Products from Extracted Sugars
- 7.5.3.Chemicals and Materials
- 7.5.4.Insol Fraction
- 7.5.5.Sol Fraction
- 7.6.Summary
- References
- ch. 8 Lignin Recovery and Lignin-Based Products / Birgit Backlund
- 8.1.Lignin Sources
- 8.1.1.Sources in Nature
- 8.1.2.Industrial Sources
- 8.2.Lignin Production and Process Integration
- 8.2.1.Lignins from Alkaline Pulping
- 8.2.1.1.Lignin Removal from Pulping Liquors
- 8.2.1.2.Analytical Data on Kraft and Soda Lignins
- 8.2.1.3.Process Integration and System Aspects
- 8.2.2.Lignin from Sulfite Pulping
- 8.2.2.1.Analytical Data on Sulfite Lignins
- 8.2.3.Lignin from Other Liquors
- 8.3.Lignin Upgrading and Products
- 8.3.1.Situation Today
- 8.3.2.Applications for Polymeric Lignin
- 8.3.2.1.Carbon Fibers
- 8.3.2.2.Activated Carbon
- 8.3.2.3.Polyurethanes
- 8.3.2.4.Adhesives
- 8.3.2.5.Complexing Agents
- 8.3.3.Applications for Monomeric Lignin
- 8.3.3.1.Phenols
- Contents note continued: 8.3.3.2.Other Aromatics
- 8.3.4.Fuel Applications
- 8.3.4.1.Kraft Lignin Pellets and Kraft Lignin as Additive in Biofuel Pellets
- 8.3.4.2.Kraft Lignin Fuel Slurry
- 8.3.4.3.Experiences from Large-Scale Boiler Trials
- References
- ch. 9 Integrated Forest Biorefineries: Gasification and Pyrolysis for Fuel and Power Production / Steven Taylor
- 9.1.Biomass Gasification
- 9.1.1.Biomass Characterization
- 9.1.2.Gasifier Types and Processes
- 9.1.3.Chemical Reactions in the Gasification Process
- 9.1.4.Effect of Various Parameters in the Gasification Process
- 9.1.4.1.Moisture Content
- 9.1.4.2.Equivalence Ratio
- 9.1.4.3.Temperature
- 9.1.4.4.Biomass Type
- 9.1.4.5.Particle Size
- 9.1.4.6.Pressure
- 9.1.4.7.Gasification Medium
- 9.1.4.8.Bed Materials
- 9.1.5.Gasification of Black Liquor
- 9.1.6.Use of Producer Gas for Power and Fuels
- 9.2.Fast Pyrolysis
- 9.2.1.Pyrolysis Reactor Configurations
- 9.2.1.1.Bubbling-Fluidized Bed
- Contents note continued: 9.2.1.2.Circulating-Fluidized Bed
- 9.2.1.3.Rotating-Cone Pyrolyzer
- 9.2.1.4.Ablative Pyrolysis
- 9.2.1.5.Vacuum Pyrolysis
- 9.2.1.6.Auger Reactor
- 9.2.2.Pyrolysis Mechanism and Pathways
- 9.2.3.Bio-Oil Properties
- 9.2.4.Bio-Oil Applications
- 9.2.4.1.Combustion
- 9.2.4.2.Transportation Fuels
- 9.2.4.3.Chemicals
- 9.2.5.Bio-Oil Upgrading
- 9.2.5.1.Hydrotreating
- 9.2.5.2.Catalytic Cracking
- 9.2.5.3.Catalytic Pyrolysis
- 9.2.6.Pyrolysis of Lignin
- 9.2.7.Economical Analysis
- References
- ch. 10 Biohydrogen Production from Cellulosic Biomass / Pin-Ching Maness
- 10.1.Biohydrogen
- 10.1.1.Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production
- 10.1.2.Hydrogenase Enzymes
- 10.1.2.1.[FeFe]-Hydrogenases
- 10.1.2.2.[NiFe]-Hydrogenases
- 10.2.Thermodynamic Considerations
- 10.3.Hydrogen Yields from Lignocellulosic Biomass
- 10.3.1.Biohydrogen from Hydrolyzed Cellulose
- 10.3.2.Biohydrogen from Direct Cellulose Fermentation
- Contents note continued: 10.4.Process Engineering for Fermentation
- 10.4.1.Single-Phase Fermentation Reactions
- 10.4.2.Two-Phase Systems
- 10.4.2.1.Dark Fermentation Followed by Photofermentation
- 10.4.2.2.Dark Fermentation Followed by Electrohydrogenesis
- References
- ch. 11 Integrated Technology for Biobased Composites / Theodore H. Wegner
- 11.1.Introduction
- 11.2.Conventional Biobased Composite Materials
- 11.2.1.Composite Elements
- 11.2.2.Adhesives
- 11.2.3.Additives
- 11.2.4.Products
- 11.2.4.1.Oriented Strandboard
- 11.2.4.2.Plywood
- 11.2.4.3.Structural Composite Lumber and Timber Products
- 11.2.4.4.Particleboard
- 11.2.4.5.Fiberboard
- 11.2.4.6.Cellulosic Board
- 11.3.Wood-Nonwood Composite Materials
- 11.3.1.Inorganic-Bonded Composite Materials
- 11.3.2.Wood-Thermoplastic Composite Materials
- References