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Essentials of oceanography

Provides students with an understanding of the scientific questions, complexities, and uncertainties involved in ocean use, and the role and importance of oceans in nurturing and sustaining life on the planet. This book illustrates the interdisciplinary nature of marine science, allowing students to...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Garrison, Tom 1942- (Author)
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Stamford, CT Cengage Learning [2015]
Edition:Seventh edition
Subjects:
Oceanography
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Table of Contents:
  • 1.Earth and Ocean
  • 1.1.Earth Is an Ocean World
  • 1.2.Marine Scientists Use the Logic of Science to Study the Ocean
  • Spotlight Figure 1.3 Earth's Most Prominent Features
  • 1.3.Stars Form Seas
  • Stars Formed Early in the History of the Universe
  • Stars and Planets Are Contained within Galaxies
  • Stars Make Heavy Elements from Lighter Ones
  • Solar Systems Form by Accretion
  • 1.4.Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere Accumulated in Layers Sorted by Density
  • 1.5.Life Probably Originated in the Ocean
  • A Closer Look 1.1 How Do We Know the Age of Earth and the Ocean?
  • 1.6.What Will Be Earth's Future?
  • 1.7.Are There Other Ocean Worlds?
  • Our Solar System's Outer Moons
  • Mars
  • Titan
  • Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 1.1
  • Extrasolar Planets
  • Life and Oceans?
  • Questions from Students
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 2.A History of Marine Science
  • 2.1.Understanding the Ocean Began with Voyaging for Trade and Exploration
  • Early Peoples Traveled the Ocean for Economic Reasons
  • Systematic Study of the Ocean Began at the Library of Alexandria
  • Eratosthenes Accurately Calculated the Size and Shape of Earth
  • A Closer Look 2.1 Latitude and Longitude
  • 2.2.Seafaring Expanded Human Horizons
  • 2.3.The Chinese Undertook Organized Voyages of Discovery
  • 2.4.Prince Henry Launched the Age of European Discovery
  • Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 2.1
  • 2.5.Voyaging Combined with Science to Advance Ocean Studies
  • Captain James Cook Was the First Marine Scientist
  • Accurate Determination of Longitude Was the Key to Oceanic Exploration and Mapping
  • Matthew Maury Discovered Worldwide Patterns of Winds and Ocean Currents
  • The Challenger Expedition Was Organized from the First as a Scientific Expedition
  • 2.6.Contemporary Oceanography Makes Use of Modern Technology
  • New Ships for New Tasks
  • Oceanographic Institutions Arose to Oversee Complex Research Projects
  • Robot Devices Are Becoming More Capable
  • Satellites Have Become Important Tools in Ocean Exploration
  • Questions from Students
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 3.Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
  • 3.1.Pieces of Earth's Surface Look Like They Once Fit Together
  • 3.2.Earth's Interior Is Layered
  • A Closer Look 3.1 How Deep in the Earth Have People Gone?
  • Each of Earth's Inner Layers Has Unique Characteristics
  • Radioactive Elements Generate Heat Inside Earth
  • Continents Rise above the Ocean Because of Isostatic Equilibrium
  • 3.3.Wegener's Idea Is Transformed
  • 3.4.The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics
  • Plates Interact at Plate Boundaries
  • Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 3.1
  • Ocean Basins Form at Divergent Plate Boundaries
  • Island Arcs Form, Continents Collide, and Crust Recycles at Convergent Plate Boundaries
  • Crust Fractures and Slides at Transform Plate Boundaries
  • 3.5.Confirmation of Plate Tectonics
  • A History of Plate Movement Has Been Captured in Residual Magnetic Fields
  • Plate Movement above Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Provides Evidence of Plate Tectonics
  • Sediment Age and Distribution, Oceanic Ridges, and Terranes Are Explained by Plate Tectonics
  • 3.6.Scientists Still Have Much to Learn about the Tectonic Process
  • Questions from Students
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • 4.Ocean Basins
  • 4.1.The Ocean Floor Is Mapped by Bathymetry
  • Echo Sounders Bounce Sound off the Seabed
  • Multibeam Systems Combine Many Echo Sounders
  • Satellites Can Be Used to Map Seabed Contours
  • Robots Descend to Observe the Details
  • Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 4.1
  • 4.2.Ocean-Floor Topography Varies with Location
  • 4.3.Continental Margins May Be Active or Passive
  • Continental Shelves Are Seaward Extensions of the Continents
  • Continental Slopes Connect Continental Shelves to the Deep-Ocean Floor
  • Spotlight Figure 4.8 Major Features of Ocean Basins
  • Submarine Canyons Form at the Junction between Continental Shelf and Continental Slope
  • Continental Rises Form As Sediments Accumulate at the Base of the Continental Slope
  • 4.4.The Topology of Deep-Ocean Basins Differs from That of the Continental Margin
  • Oceanic Ridges Circle the World
  • Hydrothermal Vents Are Hot Springs on Active Oceanic Ridges
  • Abyssal Plains and Abyssal Hills Cover Most of Earth's Surface
  • Volcanic Seamounts and Guyots Project above the Seabed
  • Trenches and Island Arcs Form in Subduction Zones
  • 4.5.The Grand Tour
  • Questions from Students
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 5.Ocean Sediments
  • 5.1.Sediments Vary Greatly in Appearance
  • 5.2.Sediments May Be Classified by Particle Size
  • 5.3.Sediments Are Classified by Source
  • Terrigenous Sediments Come from Land
  • Biogenous Sediments Form from the Remains of Marine Organisms
  • Hydrogenous Sediments Form Directly from Seawater
  • Cosmogenous Sediments Come from Space
  • Marine Sediments Are Usually Combinations of Terrigenous and Biogenous Deposits
  • 5.4.Neritic Sediments Overlie Continental Margins
  • 5.5.Pelagic Sediments Vary in Composition and Thickness
  • Turbidites Are Deposited on the Seabed by Turbidity Currents
  • Clays Are the Finest and Most Easily Transported Terrigenous Sediments
  • Oozes Form from the Rigid Remains of Living Creatures
  • Hydrogenous Materials Precipitate out of Seawater Itself
  • Researchers Have Mapped the Distribution of Deep-Ocean Sediments
  • 5.6.Scientists Use Specialized Tools to Study Ocean Sediments
  • 5.7.Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean Processes
  • A Closer Look 5.1 Could Sediment Cores Tell Us Something about Earth's History, and Thus Offer Insight into Future Change?
  • Questions from Students
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 6.Water and Ocean Structure
  • 6.1.Familiar, Abundant, and Odd
  • 6.2.The Water Molecule
  • A Closer Look 6.1 How Do We Know the Nature of Water?
  • 6.3.Water Has Unusual Thermal Characteristics
  • Heat and Temperature Are Not the Same Thing
  • Not All Substances Have the Same Heat Capacity
  • Water's Temperature Affects Its Density
  • Water Becomes Less Dense When It Freezes
  • Water Removes Heat from Surfaces As It Evaporates
  • 6.4.Surface Water Moderates Global Temperature
  • Movement of Water Vapor from Tropics to Poles Also Moderates Earth's Temperature
  • Global Warming Is Influencing Ocean-Surface Temperature
  • 6.5.Water Is a Powerful Solvent
  • Salinity Is a Measure of Seawater's Total Dissolved Organic Solids
  • The Components of Ocean Salinity Came From, and Have Been Modified by, Earth's Crust
  • The Ratio of Dissolved Solids in the Ocean Is Constant
  • Salinity Is Calculated by Seawater's Conductivity
  • The Ocean Is in Chemical Equilibrium
  • The Ocean's Mixing Time Is Short
  • 6.6.Gases Dissolve in Seawater
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • 6.7.Acid-Base Balance
  • 6.8.The Ocean Is Stratified by Density
  • The Ocean Is Stratified into Three Density Zones by Temperature and Salinity
  • Water Masses Have Characteristic Temperature, Salinity, and Density
  • 6.9.Light Does Not Travel Far through the Ocean
  • The Photic Zone Is the Sunlit Surface of the Ocean
  • Water Transmits Blue Light More Efficiently Than Red
  • Insight from a National Geographic Explorer 6.1
  • 6.10.Sound Travels Much Farther Than Light in the Ocean
  • Refraction Can Bend the Paths of Light and Sound through Water
  • Refraction Causes SOFAR Layers and Shadow Zones
  • Sonar Systems Use Sound to Detect Underwater Objects
  • Questions from Students
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 7.Atmospheric Circulation
  • 7.1.The Atmosphere and Ocean Interact with Each Other
  • 7.2.The Atmosphere Is Composed Mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Water Vapor
  • 7.3.The Atmosphere Moves in Response to Uneven Solar Heating and Earth's Rotation
  • The Solar Heating of Earth Varies with Latitude
  • The Solar Heating of Earth Also Varies with the Seasons
  • Earth's Uneven Solar Heating Results in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
  • 7.4.The Coriolis Effect Deflects the Path of Moving Objects
  • The Coriolis
  • Effect Influences the Movement of Air in Atmospheric Circulation Cells
  • Three Atmospheric Circulation Cells Circulate in Each Hemisphere
  • 7.5.Atmospheric Circulation Generates Large-Scale Surface Wind Patterns
  • Monsoons Are Wind Patterns That Change with the Seasons
  • El Nino, La Nina
  • 7.6.Storms Are Variations in Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation
  • Storms Form within or between Air Masses
  • Extratropical Cyclones Form between Two Air Masses
  • Tropical Cyclones Form in One Air Mass
  • 7.7.Katrina and Sandy
  • Spotlight Figure 7.24 Comparing Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy
  • Questions from Students
  • Terms and Concepts to Remember
  • Chapter in Perspective
  • Study Questions
  • Global Environment Watch
  • 8.Ocean Circulation
  • 8.1.Mass Flow of Ocean Water Is Driven by Wind and Gravity
  • 8.2.Surface Currents Are Driven by the Winds
  • Surface Currents Flow around the Periphery of Ocean Basins
  • Seawater Flows in Six Great Surface Circuits
  • Boundary Currents Have Different Characteristics
  • A Final Word on Gyres
  • 8.3.Surface Currents Affect Weather and Climate
  • 8.4.Wind Can Cause Vertical Movement of Ocean Water
  • Nutrient-Rich Water Rises Near the Equator
  • Wind Can Induce Upwelling Near Coasts
  • Wind Can Also Induce Coastal Downwelling
  • 8.5.El Nino and La Nina Are Exceptions to Normal Wind and Current Flow
  • 8.6.Thermohaline Circulation Affects All the Ocean's Water
  • Water Masses Have Distinct, Often Unique Characteristics

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