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On integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system issues, challenges, operational restrictions, certification, and recommendations
Published 2012Table of Contents: “….- 4.2 International Civil Aviation Organization.- 4.3 United States.- 4.3.1 RTCA.- 4.3.2 ASTM.- 4.3.3 SAE.- 4.3.4 Current Certification Paths and Operational Guidelines.- 4.4 Europe.- 4.4.1 EASA.- 4.4.2 EUROCONTROL.- 4.4.3 EUROCAE.- 4.4.4 Other European Union Activities.- 4.4.5 National Activities.- 4.5 Australia.- 4.6 Canada.- 4.7 Japan.- 4.8 International UAS Associations.- 4.9 Light and Small UAS.- 4.9.1 United States.- 4.9.2 Europe.- 4.10 Military Regulations.- 4.10.1 United States.- 4.10.2 Europe.- 4.10.3 NATO.- References.- 5 UAS Safety Assessment and Functional Requirements.- 5.1 Equivalent Level of Safety.- 5.1.1 Manned Aviation Requirements.- 5.1.2 Derivation of an ELOS for UAS.- 5.2 UAS Accident Types.- 5.3 Ground Impact Fatality Risk Modeling.- 5.3.1 Ground Impact ELOS.- 5.3.2 Exposure to Ground Impact Accidents.- 5.3.3 Probability of Fatality of Exposed Persons.- 5.3.4 Frequency of Ground Impact Accidents.- 5.4 Mid-air Collision Fatality Risk Modeling.- 5.4.1 Mid-air Collision ELOS.- 5.4.2 Exposure and Risk of Fatality.- 5.4.3 Conflicting Trajectory Expectation.- 5.4.4 Collision Probability.- 5.5 Model Choice.- 5.6 Translating an Accident TLS to System Reliability Requirements.- 5.7 Risk Mitigation.- References 6 Case Studies ..- References.- 7 Thoughts and Recommendations on a UAS Integration Roadmap.- 7.1 Regulation Development.- 7.1.1 Applications.- 7.1.2 Flight Characteristics.- 7.1.3 Sacrificability.- 7.1.4 Pilot Physically Removed from Cockpit.- 7.1.5 UAS as Systems.- 7.1.6 Take-off Weight.- 7.1.7 Passengers and Cargo.- 7.1.8 Payload ..- 7.1.9 Operational Security.- 7.2 Operational Risk Reference System.- 7.3 UAS Classification.- 7.3.1 Classification Based on Ground Impact Risk.- 7.3.2 Classification Based on Mid-air Collision Risk.- 7.3.3 Classification Based on Autonomy.- 7.3.4 Other Classifications.- 7.4 Certification Paths.- 7.5 Equipment Certification.- 7.6 Operator Training and Certification.- 7.7 Technology Issues.- 7.7.1 Collision Avoidance.- 7.7.2 Sensors.- 7.7.3 Communications.- 7.7.4 Power and Propulsion Systems.- 7.7.5 Launch, Recovery and Flight Termination Systems.- 7.8 Technology Testing and Evaluation.- References.- 8 Epilogue.- 8.1 Why UAS?.…”
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